Summit Middle School

Edmond Public Schools

 

Human Biology

 

Levels of organization

1.     Cell – Basic building block of life

2.     Tissue – Several cells working together to perform a function

3.     Organ – Several tissues working together to perform a job

4.     Organ system – Several organs working together to perform a job

 

4 types of tissues

1.     Epithelial – Covers the inside and outside surfaces of the body

2.     Nerve – Carries electrical impulses to and from the brain. All activities

                  are controlled by nerve tissue

3.     Muscle – Movement

Ø     Smooth – Moves food through the digestive system

Ø     Cardiac – Pumps the heart

Ø     Skeletal – Moves the bones

4.     Connective –

Ø     Connects and supports

1.     Tendons – Connects muscle to muscle and muscle to bone

2.     ligament – Connects bone to bone

3.     Blood – Connects all the systems by blood flow

Ø     Pads or cushions

1.     Cartilage – Between bones

Ø     Insulates

1.     Fat

Systems of the body

1.     Skeletal system

Functions

·        Supports the soft tissue

·        Protects internal organs

·        Makes blood cells

·        Stores calcium

·        Movement

2.     Muscular system

·        Voluntary muscles – You have conscience control over (Skeletal)

·        Involuntary muscles – You don’t have conscience control over

                                      (Smooth, Cardiac)

3.     Respiratory system

·        One pair of lungs that have tiny sacs in them called (Alveoli) ~

    This is were the gas exchange occurs

·        A muscle below the lungs called the (Diaphragm) must move up

    and down for you to breathe

·        You inhale oxygen into your lungs and exhale carbon dioxide and

    water vapor

4.     Digestive system

·        Smooth muscle contracts to move food through the system

    (Peristalsis)

·        Digestion is the process of breaking food into usable materials for

    our cells

·        Most of the nutrient absorptions occurs in the small intestine

 

5.     Circulatory system

·        Heart is made of cardiac muscle

·        Arteries carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart to the body

    (You feel your pulse in arteries)

·        Veins carry oxygen poor blood back to the heart

·        Capillaries connect arteries and veins and is where the exchange of

     materials between the blood and body occur

·        4 blood types (A, B, AB, O) O is the most common and AB is

     the rarest

·        Parts of blood

1.     Red blood cells ~ Carry oxygen

2.     White blood cells ~ Fight infections

3.     Platelets ~ Clot blood (so you don’t bleed to death)

4.     Plasma ~ Is the liquid part of blood that has all of the

                   dissolved nutrients and waste

 

6.     Immune system ~ Fights infections

·        White blood cells, Lymph nodes, Skin, Bone marrow, Thymus

     glands, Spleen

·        Immunity – Resistance to a sickness

·        Vaccine – Contains a small amount of the virus which stimulates

                     your body to make antibodies

·        Antibodies – Protein produced by WBC to kill specific pathogens

·        Antibiotics – Medicine that blocks the growth and kills bacteria

7.     Endocrine system – Controls the conditions in your body by making 

                                    and releasing chemicals

·        Hormones, Insulin, Glands

8.     Nervous system

·        Central nervous system (Brain and Spinal cord)

·        Peripheral nervous system (All nerves not in the brain or spinal

     cord

·        Autonomic nervous system (part that you have no control over)

9.     Excretory system

·        Kidneys filter chemical waste and water from the blood stream. It

    is then stored in the bladder

10. Reproductive system

·        Male = Penis and testes

·        Female = Ovary, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

 

Homeostasis – Maintaining a constant internal environment

·        Body Temperature (98.6 oF)

·        Amount of sugar, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt, etc…
 

Measurement notes

 

Terms:

 

  1. Unit:  Standard amount used for measuring
  2. Length:  An objects measurement from end to end
  3. Volume:  The amount of space an object takes up
  4. Mass:  The amount of matter in an object
  5. Density:  The amount of matter in a given volume
  6. Weight – The amount of force gravity is pulling down on an object

 

Metric units for measurements:

 

  1. Length:  Millimeters (mm), Centimeters (cm), Meters (m), Kilometers (km), etc…
  2. Volume:  Milliliters (mL), Cubic centimeters (cc), Liter (L), etc…
  3. Mass:  Grams (g), Kilograms (kg)
  4. Density:  Grams per milliliter (g/mL)
  5. Weight = Newtons (n)

 

Temperature:

 

Water

oC (Celsius)

oF (Fahrenheit)

K (Kelvin)

Freezing point

0

32

273

Boiling point

100

212

373

 

Conversions:

 

  • 1 meter (m) = 100 centimeters (cm) = 1000 millimeters (mm)
  • 1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)
  • 1 kilometer (km)= 1000 meters (m)
  • 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
  • 1 liter = 1000 milliliters
  • 1 milliliter (ml) = 1 cubic centimeter (cc)

 

Weight vs. Mass:

 

  • Weight is dependent on gravity.  Your mass doesn’t change when you go to different planets, just your weight.  You weigh nothing in space because there is no gravity.
  • Acceleration constant of gravity on earth = 9.8 m/s2

 

Measuring:

 

·         Volume

A.    Regular shaped object (math equation - ex: Rectangle = L x W x H)

B.      Irregular shaped object (Displacement of water)

·         Density

A.    Mass of an object divided by its volume

B.      Density of water is 1 g/ml  (for an object to float, its density must be less than water = 1 g/ml)

 

4 states of matter:

  1. Solid – Molecules are vibrating (Definite shape and volume)
  2. Liquid – Molecules are moving around each other (Definite volume, but indefinite shape)
  3. Gas – Molecules are free moving (Indefinite shape and volume)

Temperature affect the volume ~ Decrease temp = decrease volume (flat ball on a cold day)

Temperature affect the gas pressure ~ Increase temp = Increase pressure (Balloon by a light)

Pressure affect the volume ~ Increase outside pressure = decrease volume

1.        Implode ~ To rapidly contract (Outside pressure is greater than the inside pressure)

2.        Explode ~ To rapidly expand (Inside pressure is greater than the outside pressure)

  1. Plasma – Ionized gases (Sun, lighting, neon and florescent lights)

Characteristic properties (intrinsic):  a property that holds true no matter what sample

  1. Boiling point (Temp. where liquid turns to gas)
  2. Melting point (Temp. where solid turns to liquid)
  3. Density (The amount of matter in a given volume)
  4. Chemical activity (Ability of substance to undergo a specific chemical change)
    1. Physical change:  Substance form may alter, but not the identity

1.        State changes:

Melting: Solid to gas (ice cube turning to water)

Freezing: Liquid to solid (water turning to an ice cube)

Vaporization: Liquid to gas

1.       Boiling:  Liquid to gas through out the liquid (water on a stove)

2.       Evaporation: liquid to gas on the surface only (Puddle drying up)

Condensation: Gas to liquid (Dew on the grass in the morning)

Sublimation: Solid to gas (Dry ice and any time you smell a solid)

    1. Chemical change:  A new substance is formed

1.        Types of chemical reactions

Endothermic reaction: Takes in energy (feels cold – Chemical ice pack)

Exothermic reaction: Gives off energy (feels hot – Fire)

2.        Reaction Rate (Temperature, speed of particles, size of particles)

3.        Activation energy: Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

4.        Evidence of a chemical change

Change in temperature

Light is given off

Color change

Odor or a gas is given off

Precipitation if formed

Types of matter:

  1. Mixture:  Two or more substances are mixed together, but not chemically (Usually opaque ~ can’t see through it)
  2. Solution:  Two or more substances are mixed together, but not chemically (Usually transparent ~ can see through it)

            Homogeneous- A solution that looks like one substance (blood, air, ketchup, saltwater)

Heterogeneous – A solution where you can see the different substances (Italian dressing, orange with pulp)

  1. Pure substance:  A substance that can’t be broken down any further by physical means

            Element:  Can't be broken down any further (one substance)

Compound:  Two or more elements chemically combined (molecule)

Law of conservation of energy: Energy cannot be gained or lost it only changes form

Law of conservation of mass: Mass cannot be created nor destroyed it only changes form

Measurements: (SI = International system of Units)

  1. Mass:  (g – grams) The measurement of the amount of matter in an object
  2. Weight:  (n – Newton) The measurement of the force of gravity on you
  3. Volume:  (L – liters) The measurement of the space an object occupies

Water displacement: method used to determine the volume of an irregular shaped item

  1. Density:  (g/ml – grams per milliliter) The measurement of the amount of matter in a given volume
  2. Temperature: (oC – Celsius) Measure of the average energy of motion of a particle of a substance. 

The faster the particles = more energy = higher temp.

 

Water

oC (Celsius)

oF (Fahrenheit)

K (Kelvin)

Freezing point

0

32

273

Boiling point

100

212

373

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